Sample processing device comprising magnetic and mechanical actuating elements using linear or rotational motion and methods of use thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides methods and devices for simple, low power, automated processing of biological samples through multiple sample preparation and assay steps. The methods and devices described facilitate the point-of-care implementation of complex diagnostic assays in equipment-free, non-laboratory settings.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.62/196,816, filed Jul. 23, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application No.62/261,577, filed Dec. 1, 2015; and U.S. Provisional Application No.62/331,635, filed May 4, 2016; the entire contents of which areincorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

BACKGROUND

Point-of-Care (“POC”) devices allow for convenient and rapid testing atthe site of patient care. Accordingly, Sample-to-Answer andLab-On-a-Chip (“LOC”) systems, types of POC devices integratingmicrofluidics technology, have become increasingly popular. These LOCsintegrate various lab functions, such as extraction, amplification,detection, interpretation, and reporting, previously performed manuallyand/or off-site, all on the same device. Because Sample-to-Answer andLOC testing are performed at the site of patient care and not in a labfacility, these types of tests have had issues with contaminationcontrol, particularly in steps which involve human interaction duringthe process. As such, there is a need to automate the sample processingwithin a sample-to-answer LOC that minimizes human interaction. Thesesample-to-answer and LOCs are generally a few square millimeters to afew square centimeters in size, and are often types ofmicroelectromechanical systems (“MEMS”). MEMS that are capable ofdetecting and analyzing biological material such as here are generallyreferred to as Bio-MEMS.

Most POC diagnostic devices on the market are categorized as either highor moderate complexity under Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments(“CLIA”). These federal guidelines generally apply to clinicallaboratory testing instruments on humans, except in certain conditionswhich allow for waiver of these guidelines. One of these conditions iswhen the device or instrument meets certain risk, error, and complexityrequirements. In order to make a POC diagnostic test eligible to beCLIA-waived, the sample preparation and fluid handling steps need to beminimized One way to minimize these steps is to store the reagents in asealed device such as a blister or burst pouch to be released. Reagentdelivery into a microfluidic chip commonly includes the use of pumps,such as syringe pumps or peristaltic pumps, and external reagent-filledbottles, syringes, or reservoirs. These systems are not only difficultto make portable, but also are complex due to the numerous componentsthat have to be integrated together and the need for leak-free fluidicinterfaces into the microfluidic chip. Methods to enable simple,miniaturized, and low-power automation of fluid handling have yet to besuccessfully implemented in the commercial state-of-the art.Accordingly, this has been seen as a roadblock preventing POCimplementation in a majority of the multi-step bioassay tests that arestill being conducted in large clinical facilities.

Complex bioassays that require multiple processing steps, including butnot limited to pipetting, heating, cooling, mixing, washing, incubating,labeling, binding, and eluting, rely on expensive lab automationequipment to run the sample-to-answer sequence. Low-cost, low-power,miniaturized instrumentation for automation of the sample-to-answersequence is yet to be realized and, as such, point-of-care microfluidicdevices for running a sample-to-answer sequence rely on additionalinstrumentation that takes the form of a stand alone bench top orportable instrument to run the assay on a microfluidic device.Implementing separate instrumentation that can automate the sampleprocessing steps on the microfluidic cartridge is seen as a way to keepthe cost per test, and hence the cost of the cartridge, low. In systemsdeveloped for point-of-care applications, this can take the form of aportable bench top instrument with solenoid plungers, linear actuators,microcontrollers, and electronic circuitry to automate the sampleprocessing sequence. While this instrumentation gives the user controlover the sample processing sequence, it requires controlled environmentsand a considerable amount of electrical power to run. Thesepoint-of-care systems are not feasible in low resource settings where noinfrastructure exists to run the instrument, or for home andnon-hospital settings where laypersons either do not see the need orcannot afford to purchase a costly instrument for a test, or are nottrained to operate the instrument that goes along with the test. Assuch, developing methods to enable, low power, stand-alone, inexpensive,and disposable instrumentation that can be directly integrated onto themicrofluidic device and that can run the automated sample-to-answersequence is seen as a roadblock for developing single use test devicesthat can run complex multi-step nucleic acid, protein, and immunoassaysfrom sample-to-answer.

Disposable tests that do not require instrumentation to run them arelimited to the following: 1) Simple Single Step Assays in which thesample is the only liquid and no reagents are used (these teststypically include dipstick tests such as urine test strips and pregnancytests); and 2) Multi-Step Assays that are sold in the form of a kitcomprising reagent vials and an instruction set wherein the user isrelied upon to follow the instructions and dispense the reagents intodifferent regions of the disposable test cartridge (these devicestypically run immunoassays that do not require sample preparationsteps).

Some examples of Multi-Step Assay devices include, but are not limitedto, Chembio Diagnostic Systems, Inc.'s DPP® HIV 1/2 Assay, SURE CHECK®HIV 1/2, HIV 1/2 STAT-PAK®, and HIV 1/2 STAT-PAK® DIPSTICK tests. Thesetests rely on the user to manually perform a series of steps to completethe sequence. There is a risk for the test being performed incorrectlyif the user is not skilled or does not follow the instructionscorrectly, thus results can vary depending on how the test wasperformed. Moreover, there is an additional risk of contamination whenthe reagents are not completely contained inside the device. Some harshreagents that are harmful to handle without proper lab protocols,gloves, and equipment (e.g., fume hoods and lab infrastructure such as acontained biosafety facility) cannot be implemented in these kit testsunless the test is being performed by trained technicians in a containedfacility.

Laypersons risk running a test incorrectly if the test is not simple andautomated. As the test complexity increases beyond two or three steps,these manual kit-based tests fall short in their utility. Advances innucleic acid amplification assays (e.g., isothermal assays such asloop-mediated-amplification) reduce the instrumentation burden forheating/cooling thermal-cycling since these tests only require thesample to be held at a single temperature (usually between 60-70° C.).However, these tests still require multiple user initiated steps forcompleting the sample-to-answer sequence that require skilled operatorsor additional automation instrumentation.

Sample preparation is essential for many diagnostic assays involving theprocessing of biological samples. A biological sample typically goesthrough multiple complex processing steps before it is suitable to beused in an assay. These steps are required to isolate, concentrate,and/or purify the analyte of interest from a raw sample and to removematerials in the sample that can interfere with the desired assay.Sample processing steps often involve precise conditions fortemperature, reagent volumes, and incubation times that need to beperformed in a precise sequence and in a tightly controlled environmentsuch as a laboratory setting. Conventional automation systems for sampleprocessing involve highly complex and expensive instrumentation andskilled personnel to operate them. Since these systems are often placedin centralized labs, raw samples must frequently be properly stored andtransferred to a lab at a different location for processing. Thesefactors are associated with several limitations including high costs,delay in results, and compromised sample integrity due to shipping andimproper storage.

The present invention provides methods and devices for simple, lowpower, automated processing of biological samples through multiplesample preparation and assay steps. The methods and devices describedfacilitate the point-of-care implementation of complex diagnostic assaysin equipment-free, non-laboratory settings.

SUMMARY

In accordance with the present invention, various embodiments ofsample-to-answer microfluidic devices with magnetic and mechanicalactuating elements using linear or rotational motion automation andmethods of use thereof are disclosed. In one embodiment, a microfluidicdevice is provided comprising:

-   -   one or more cams comprising a cam shaft and a cam lobe;    -   one or more rocker arms;    -   a microfluidic cartridge comprising one or more fluidic        channels, one or more reaction chambers, and one or more burst        pouches comprising fluid and a frangible membrane seal; and    -   a cam mechanism configured to rotate the cam shaft;        wherein the one or more cams are configured such that rotation        of the cam shaft causes the cam lobes to actuate the one or more        rocker arms, and wherein the one or more rocker arms are        configured such that actuation causes the rocker arms to move        from an open position to a closed position in which pressure is        placed on the one or more burst pouches such that the frangible        membrane is broken and the fluid is released into the one or        more reaction chambers.

In some embodiments a plurality cam lobes and rocker arms are configuredsuch that one full rotation of the cam shaft causes the rocker arms toplace pressure on a plurality burst pouches in a temporally andspatially controlled manner In some embodiments the one or more camlobes and the one or more rocker arms are configured such that after thefrangible membrane seal of the one or more burst pouches has beenbroken, the rocker arms remain in the closed position. In someembodiments the cam lobes are configured such that the rocker remains inthe closed position after rupturing the pouch. In some embodiments themicrofluidic device further comprises one or more diaphragm valves alongthe one or more fluidic channels, wherein the one or more cam lobes areconfigured such that rotation of the cam shaft causes the cam lobes toopen and/or close the one or more diaphragm valves. In some embodimentsthe camshaft is configured to rotate via a wind-up spring mechanism.

In some embodiments the microfluidic device further comprises a sampleprep chamber, wherein the sample prep chamber comprises a vehicle forDNA capture. In some embodiments the rotation speed of the cam shaft andthe configuration of the plurality of cam lobes and the plurality ofrocker arms enables bursting of the plurality of burst pouches in atemporally controlled manner to carry out wash steps of DNApurification. In some embodiments the microfluidic cartridge furthercomprises an amplification chamber, a heat sink, and a heater, whereinthe heat sink and the heater are configured to intermittently cool andheat the amplification chamber upon actuation of the plurality of camlobes and the plurality of rocker arms. In some embodiments the rotationspeed of the cam shaft and the configuration of the plurality of camlobes and the plurality of rocker arms enables the heat sink and theheater to intermittently cool and heat the amplification chamber in atemporally controlled manner to carry out PCR thermal cycling. In someembodiments the microfluidic cartridge further comprises a DNAhybridization chamber comprising a vehicle for DNA capture.

In another embodiment, a microfluidic device is provided comprising amicrofluidic cartridge comprising:

-   -   a plurality of reagent filled pouches;    -   a reaction chamber; and    -   a cam shaft;        wherein the cam shaft comprises a plurality of slots at angular        positions along the cam shaft such that rotation of the cam        shaft to a predetermined position causes one or more of the        angular slots to form a flow channel between one or more of the        reagent filled pouches and the reaction chamber.

In another embodiment, a reagent dispensing unit is provided comprising:

-   -   a reagent pouch comprising a reagent and a frangible seal; and

an integrated magnetic element configured to depress the reagent pouchwhen attracted by a magnetic field such that the frangible seal isbroken. In some embodiments the magnetic element comprises a plunger. Insome embodiments the magnetic element comprises a bead. In someembodiments comprises a sharp object.

In another embodiment, a microfluidic device is provided comprising:

-   -   a fluid conduit;    -   a reaction chamber; and    -   the reagent dispensing unit as described elsewhere herein;        wherein the reagent dispensing unit is bonded to the        microfluidic device such that a hermetic seal is formed, and        wherein the reagent dispensing unit is configured to empty the        reagent into the reaction chamber via the fluid conduit when the        frangible seal is broken. In some embodiments the microfluidic        device further comprises a trap, wherein the trap comprises        loose magnetic material and is configured to hold the reagent        pouch in a depressed position.

In another embodiment, a microfluidic device is provided comprising:

-   -   a plurality of fluidic chambers fluidically connected to one        another via valves; and    -   a rotating shaft comprising permanent magnets arranged axially        and radially with    -   alternating poles on the periphery of the rotating shaft;        wherein each of the fluidic chambers comprises a trapped        permanent magnet with a direction of motion restricted along a        path perpendicular to the axis of the rotating shaft, and        wherein the rotating shaft and fluidic chambers are configured        such that rotation of the rotating shaft moves the permanent        magnets for mixing of fluid within each of the fluidic chambers.

In another embodiment, a reagent pouch is provided comprising a point ofrupture at a precise location in a frangible portion of a seal, whereinthe reagent pouch comprises a magnetic element that is constrained to aparticular area of the reagent pouch that directly overlays thefrangible portion of the seal.

In another embodiment, a microfluidic device is provided comprising:

-   -   one or more linear actuation elements; and    -   a microfluidic cassette;        wherein the one or more linear actuation elements comprise fixed        magnetic elements for magnetic bead displacement, fluidic valve        actuation, and/or reagent pouch bursting; and wherein the        microfluidic cassette comprises stored reagent pouches with        integrated magnetic plunger elements, reagent chambers for        sample processing, a magnetic pivoting rocker valve featuring a        non-magnetic plunger for controlling the movement of magnetic        beads through a valve, and magnetically controlled valves        comprising magnetic plungers comprising fixed magnetic elements        for magnetic bead displacement. In some embodiments the one or        more actuation elements are configured to slide under and/or on        top of the microfluidic device. In some embodiments the        actuation element is moved via a method selected from the group        consisting of a motor, a wind-up spring, a hand crank, manual        pushing, and a linear solenoid actuator.

In another embodiment, a microfluidic device is provided comprising:

-   -   one or more linear actuation elements; and    -   a microfluidic cassette;        wherein the one or more linear actuation elements comprise a        combination of fixed and partially trapped magnetic elements        contained in their own trap such that their motion is restricted        to one axis or direction for magnetic bead displacement, fluidic        valve actuation, and/or reagent pouch bursting; and wherein the        microfluidic cassette comprises stored reagent pouches with        integrated magnetic plunger elements, reagent chambers for        sample processing, a magnetic pivoting rocker valve featuring a        non-magnetic plunger for controlling the movement of magnetic        beads through a valve, and magnetically controlled valves        comprising magnetic plungers comprising fixed magnetic elements        for magnetic bead displacement. In some embodiments the one or        more actuation elements are configured to slide under and/or on        top of the microfluidic device. In some embodiments the        actuation element is moved via a method selected from the group        consisting of a motor, a wind-up spring, a hand crank, manual        pushing, and a linear solenoid actuator.

In another emdodiment, a microfluidic device is provided comprising areagent pouch aligned with a magnetic plunger element integrated into areaction chamber, wherein the magnetic plunger element is configuredsuch that when it is attracted by a magnetic field it breaks a frangibleseal of the reagent pouch, enters into the reagent pouch, and displacesreagents in the reagent pouch into the reaction chamber. In someembodiments the magnetic plunger element is located between a fluidinlet and the reagent pouch, further wherein the magnetic element has anotch that acts as a guide and restricts the flow of fluid to thereaction chamber through the guide notch, and wherein the guide notch isconfigured such that when the magnetic element plunger reaches its topmost position, the flow of fluid into the reaction chamber is shut.

In another embodiment, a microfluidic device is provided comprising:

-   -   an actuating element with a plurality of partially trapped        magnetic element housed inside a rotating shaft, wherein the        rotating shaft is configured in a sleeve with a plurality of        magnet traps;    -   a plurality of the reagent dispensing units as described        elsewhere herein;    -   a mixing chamber; and    -   a mixing chamber magnet. In some embodiments the microfluidic        device further comprises fixed permanent magnets configured such        that their opposite poles are aligned with the periphery of the        rotating shaft, thereby causing a mixing chamber magnet to be        attracted and repelled at a high frequency as the shaft rotates.        In some embodiments the microfluidic device is configured such        that as the rotating shaft rotates, a first reagent dispensing        unit becomes aligned with a first partially trapped magnetic        element whereby the first partially trapped magnet moves out of        the rotating shaft and enters a first magnet trap in the sleeve,        thereby enabling attraction of the magnetic element and breaking        of the frangible seal on the pouch of the first reagent        dispensing unit. In some embodiments the microfluidic device is        configured such that as the rotating shaft continues to rotate,        a second reagent dispensing unit becomes aligned with a second        partially trapped magnetic element whereby the second partially        trapped magnet moves out of the rotating shaft and enters a        second magnet trap in the sleeve, thereby enabling attraction of        the magnetic element and breaking of the frangible seal on the        pouch of the second reagent dispensing unit. In some embodiments        the microfluidic device is configured such that after stored        reagents have been dispensed, the rotating shaft can rotate at a        high RPM to enable mixing by causing the fixed permanent magnet        in the shaft to present alternating poles to the mixing magnet        at a high frequency.

In another embodiment, the system mechanically ensures that a magneticplunger element cannot return to its original position after actuation,wherein the sleeve containing the magnetic plunger comprises at leastone cantilevered ratchet element molded into its wall such that themagnet deflects the ratchet in this position but when the magnet isdisplaced the ratchet will retract and make it impossible for themagnetic plunger to move back to its initial position. In someembodiments, the ratchet is replaced by a spring-loaded ball.

In another embodiment, a sample processing system is provided thatemploys an actuating element comprising a magnet moving on a track,wherein the magnet attracts magnetic beads onto which biomolecules arebound. As the magnet moves along the track it drags the magnetic beadsin a microfluidic chip. The path of the track is through a plurality ofreagent chambers such that the magnetic beads are moved through all thereagent chambers at the appropriate time, with the magnet finally movingthrough a trap, such as a ball trap. In some embodiments, the magneticelement is mounted on a carriage, which is free to move along thesliding rail. The entire sliding rail traverses the length of themicrofluidic device by moving along a linear screw. In anotherembodiment of this system, the linear screw is replaced by a rack andpinion mechanism. In another embodiment, one or more magnets may bearranged on the track to perform multiple sample processing steps eithersequentially or in parallel.

In another embodiment, microfluidic devices employing rotationalactuating elements are provided for automating the sample processingsequence. Additionally, some embodiments of the sample-processing devicecan employ a combination of one or more rotational and linear actuatingelements depending on the design and sample processing requirements togain control over the x, y, z and r axes.

In another embodiment, magnetic plunger element valves for controllingfluid flow in an exemplary microfluidic device are provided. In someembodiments, a magnetic pivoting rocker valve with a non-magneticplunger element is provided, for example wherein a valve a rocker with amagnetic element pivots (or rotates) about its axis. When an externalmagnetic field is brought into proximity it will attract the magneticelement on the rocker and cause the plunger to push down on thediaphragm valve thereby stopping the flow of fluid through the channel.When the magnetic field is removed the rocker returns to its originalposition and flow in the channel can resume.

In another embodiment, a diaphragm or pinch valve is provided that canbe depressed on a microfluidic device using a magnetic plunger element.When an external magnetic field is brought into proximity of themagnetic plunger element, it attracts the plunger towards it therebydepressing the diaphragm valve and stopping flow in the channel.

In another embodiment, permanent magnets are affixed axially andradially on the periphery of a rotating shaft in such a way as toexhibit alternating polarity along the length of the rotating shaft. Thefluidic device or container contains a second permanent magnet materialtrapped inside it such that its motion is restricted to one axis. Whenthe rotating shaft is placed in proximity to a fluidic device orcontainer, the permanent magnetic material inside the containerexperiences alternating attraction and repulsion forces, resulting inreciprocating and shearing motion inside the fluidic device orcontainer.

In another embodiment of the system, a magnetic plunger element isconstrained such that it can only move in the direction required tosqueeze the pouch of a reagent dispensing unit, break the frangible sealand dispense reagents through the fluid conduit and into themicrofluidic device.

In some embodiments the reaction chambers in the microfluidic device aredesigned such that they can be compressed to move fluids from onereaction chamber to another.

In another embodiment, a microfluidic device for sample preparation fornucleic acid amplification tests is provided. The fluidic wells areconnected to one or more reagent dispensing units containing misciblereagents through an inlet fluidic conduit entering at the bottom of eachfluidic well. The fluidic well volumes are designed such they are onlypartially filled by the miscible liquid reagents entering through theinlet fluidic conduits. Upon completion of the filling of the fluidicwells, a reagent dispensing unit containing an immiscible liquid isactuated and its contents are dispensed into the fluidic device throughthe primary fluidic conduit, which fills the empty volume in the primaryfluidic conduit and fluidic wells, thereby creating a fluidic pathwayand at the same time forming a barrier between the miscible liquids inthe fluidic wells so as to prevent them from mixing together.

In another embodiment, a microfluidic cartridge for magnetic bead basedsample preparation is provided comprising fluidic wells, fluidicconduits, stored liquid reagent reservoirs and valves. The microfluidiccartridge is sandwiched between top and bottom actuator elements thatcomprise permanent magnets and projections or protrusions. The permanentmagnets and protrusions are spatially arranged such that they performdifferent steps of an assay automation sequence with precise timing,depending on their position and speed of the actuator elements as themicrofluidic cartridge rotates in close proximity to the actuatorelements. Assay steps that may be performed include dispensing storedreagents into fluidic wells, opening and closing valves to control thedirection of fluid flow, opening and closing vents, capturing,resuspending, and moving magnetic beads between wells.

Certain aspects of the presently disclosed subject matter having beenstated hereinabove, which are addressed in whole or in part by thepresently disclosed subject matter, other aspects will become evident asthe description proceeds when taken in connection with the accompanyingExamples and Figures as best described herein below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Having thus described the presently disclosed subject matter in generalterms, reference will now be made to the accompanying Figures, which arenot necessarily drawn to scale.

FIG. 1A is a side view of an embodiment of a sample-to-answermicrofluidic device before actuation of the rocker arm.

FIG. 1B is a side view of the embodiment of the sample-to-answermicrofluidic device after actuation of the rocker arm.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an exemplary sample-to-answermicrofluidic device.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an exemplary microfluidic device with asample analysis functions.

FIG. 4 is a top-view of an embodiment of an exemplary microfluidicdevice using a revolving port design.

FIG. 5 shows a cross-sectional view of the Reagent Dispensing Unit (RDU)with

FIG. 5A showing a magnetic breaking element inside the reagent pouch andFIG. 5B showing a sharp object inside the microfluidic device forrupturing the frangible seal.

FIG. 6 shows a reagent pouch being burst by the magnetic elementplunger.

FIG. 7 shows an embodiment of a rotating shaft based magnetic mixingelement.

FIG. 7A depicts a rotating shaft with permanent magnets arranged axiallyand radially with alternating poles on the periphery of the rotatingshaft and FIG. 7B depicts a multi-chamber fluidic mixing system withrotating shaft in its proximity

FIG. 8 shows a top view and section AA view of exemplary reagent pouchfor the RDU containing a constrained magnetic breaking element forcontrolling the rupture point on the frangible seal.

FIG. 9 shows an exemplary microfluidic device for sample processing.FIG. 9A shows a top view of linear actuating element, FIG. 9B shows asection AA view of linear actuating element, and FIG. 9C shows a topview of microfluidic cassette.

FIG. 10A-10F show various instances of the sample processing sequence asthe actuating element slides under the microfluidic cassette.

FIG. 11A-11F shows examples of different implementations of linearactuating elements.

FIG. 12A-D show examples of a microfluidic sample-processing devicecomprising an actuating element with a combination of fixed andpartially trapped magnetic elements.

FIG. 13 shows a cross-sectional view of an exemplary microfluidic devicewith

FIG. 13A showing a magnetic plunger element integrated into the reactionchamber and

FIG. 13B showing a magnetic plunger element attracted to magnetic fieldthereby breaking the frangible seal and displacing the contents of thereagent pouch into the reaction chamber.

FIG. 14 shows a cross-sectional view of an exemplary microfluidic devicewith FIG. 14A showing a notched magnetic plunger element integrated intothe reaction chamber, FIG. 14B showing a notched magnetic plungerelement attracted to magnetic field thereby breaking the frangible sealand displacing the contents of the reagent pouch into the reactionchamber, FIG, 14C showing a notched magnetic plunger element closing theinlet port of the fluidic conduit after dispensing the reaaents ofreagent pouch; and ratchet element to mechanically hold the magneticplunger element in permanently sealed position even in the absence ofthe external magnetic field.

FIG. 15 shows an embodiment of the sample processing system comprising arotating shaft actuating element with the partially trapped and fixedmagnetic elements housed inside the rotating shaft.

FIGS. 16A-16D show different instances of the sample processing sequenceas the rotating shaft actuating element rotates over the microfluidicdevice.

FIG. 17A and FIG. 17B shows additional non-limiting embodiments tomechanically hold the magnetic plunger element in permanently sealedposition even in the absence of the external magnetic

FIG. 18A and FIG. 18B shows an embodiment of the sample processingsystem comprising an actuating element comprising a magnet moving on atrack.

FIG. 19A to FIG. 19C shows examples of different implementations ofrotational actuating elements.

FIG. 20 shows an exemplary magnetic pivoting rocker valve withnon-magnetic plunger element. FIG. 20A and FIG. 20B depicts top views oftwo non-limiting embodiments of the pivoting rocker valve geometries.FIG. 20C depicts an instance where the rocker is activated by a magneticfield and the non-magnetic plunger depresses the diaphragm valve to stopthe flow.

FIG. 21 shows a diaphragm or pinch valve with integrated magneticplunger element. FIG. 21A depicts the valve in its open state whenMagnetic field “M” is not in its proximity; and FIG. 21B depicts thevalve in its closed state when magnetic field “M” is in its proximity

FIG. 22 shows an RDU for squeezing the reagent out of the reagent pouchusing sliding and rolling motion of the magnetic plunger element. FIG.22A depicts sliding planar magnetic elements. FIG. 22B depicts rollingcylinder magnetic elements, FIG. 22C and FIG. 22D depict emptying of thereagent pouch.

FIG. 23A-D shows top and section AA views of actuating element; top andsection BB views of microfluidic cassette with squeezing element; andinstances as the squeezing element is dragged by the linear actuatingelement, thus displacing fluid to the next reaction chamber,respectively.

FIG. 24 shows a schematic representation of a fluidic well configurationand the principle for dispensing stored reagents to create an oil-waterfluidic circuit.

FIG. 25A to FIG. 25C shows a schematic representation of an exemplarymicrofluidic cartridge for magnetic bead based sample preparationcomprising fluidic wells, fluidic conduits, stored liquid reagentreservoirs, and valves.

FIG. 26B shows the principle of magnetic bead based sample preparationon an exemplary microfluidic device with integrated top and bottomrotational actuator elements comprising fixed permanent magnets.

FIG. 26A to FIG. 26IC shows different instances of the position of themicrofluidic cartridge with respect to the actuator element, toillustrate the principle of magnetic bead capture, resuspension andtravel between fluidic wells using linear actuation.

FIG. 27A to FIG. 27G shows across-sectional view of a microfluidicdevice with top and bottom actuator elements to illustrate the principleof magnetic bead based sample preparation on a microfluidic device. Themicrofluidic device comprises fluidic wells that are connected to eachother through an oil phase. The top and bottom actuator elements haveelectromagnets that can be turned ON or OFF in a predefined sequence.The microfluidic device moves between the two actuator elements.

FIG. 28 shows a perspective view of a microfluidic device showing amicrofluidic cartridge and actuator element. The microfluidic cartridgeslides in between the actuator element.

FIG. 29A to FIG. 29E shows the principle of using protrusions as bafflesin the fluidic well of a microfluidic device to constrain magnetic beadsto a well as the magnet continues to move along a path of motion.

FIG. 30A and FIG. 30B shows the principle of fluidic transfer on themicrofluidic device, from a fluidic well to a lateral flow strip usingan actuated lancet.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The presently disclosed subject matter now will be described more fullyhereinafter with reference to the accompanying Figures, in which some,but not all embodiments of the presently disclosed subject matter areshown. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. The presentlydisclosed subject matter may be embodied in many different forms andshould not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein;rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure willsatisfy applicable legal requirements. Indeed, many modifications andother embodiments of the presently disclosed subject matter set forthherein will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which thepresently disclosed subject matter pertains having the benefit of theteachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associatedFigures. Therefore, it is to be understood that the presently disclosedsubject matter is not to be limited to the specific embodimentsdisclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended tobe included within the scope of the appended claims.

Sample-To-Answer Microfluidic Devices with Magnetic and MechanicalActuating Elements Using Linear or Rotational Motion Automation andMethods of Use Thereof

The disclosed invention includes methods and integrated devices forsample-to-answer automation using simple, low cost, and low powerinstrumentation. In one embodiment, a lab-on-chip microfluidic systemand associated method that performs multiple steps in a precise sequencewith all its automation integrated within a single revolution of acamshaft is provided. In one exemplary embodiment, a fluid handlingsequence involving timed reagent delivery is made possible by applyingpressure to burst a frangible seal of reagent-filled pouches storedwithin the cartridge. In one embodiment, thermal management is alsopossible, for example, during the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), thecam mechanism can be used to actuate contact of a heat sink to controlsample temperature and reduce the overall time to result.

Camshafts can run like clockwork, for example, to open and closemultiple valves in a precise sequence to preform a task, such as runningan engine. When applied to a LOC, the present invention can employ asingle camshaft to perform all the actuation and automation stepsrequired to complete a sample-to-answer diagnostic test.

Accordingly, the only actuation required may be to rotate the camshaftthrough one full revolution. Furthermore, self-contained microfluidiccartridges that comprise of pre-PCR and post-PCR modules on a singleplatform in one embodiment or several downstream assay processes on itis also possible in accordance with the present invention.

Additionally, the rotating camshaft can be self-powered using a wind-upspring, for example, enabling completely battery-free automation on aLOC device.

Since diagnostic devices in low resource settings generally need to bebattery-operated, the present invention allows point-of-care technologyto become a step closer to being completely power-free. By integrating arevolving camshaft, point-of-care diagnostics are improved by a numberof factors, including reduction of size, power consumption, cost andcomplexity of the device, to name a few.

A microfluidic cartridge in accordance with one aspect of the presentinvention can allow integration of pre- and post-PCR processing steps ona single platform using the modularity of microfluidics. Versatility canalso be added to the system, since it enables PCR-based DNAamplification and further downstream processing, such as DNAhybridization microarrays, for example, to be integrated on the samechip. Consequently, a single sample can easily be screened for multiplepathogens.

Various aspects of the present invention could also be applicable to avariety of other devices. For example, the present invention can also beused to essentially automate bioassays in a sample-to-answer format on alab-on-a-chip device. Another possible application could be for proteinassays.

Other advantages of the present invention over prior existing technologyinclude: 1) controlling all the actuation steps for fluid management,thermal management, and electrical management on a single camshaft; 2) asimplistic design, low manufacturing cost, low power, and one motor, ora wind-up spring to control the actuation sequence; 3) microfluidiccartridge and camshaft technology that can be used to integrate multipledownstream assay processes on a single self-contained platform; and 4) aself-contained cartridge allows additional modules for downstreamprocessing to be added in a “LEGO” block fashion that can work in tandemwith the rotating camshaft actuator to allow precise automation on adevice.

Accordingly, a device that consists of a disposable, self-containedmicrofluidic cartridge featuring reagent filled blister pouches, and acomplimentary camshaft that completes all the individual actuation andautomation steps for a sample-to-answer sequence in a single revolutionis possible using various aspects of the invention. The camshaft, inessence, acts as a mechanical “program” for the entire sample-to-answerautomation process. When the camshaft is used in conjunction with arocker arm, the rocker arm can behave like a plunger for actuation. Asthe camshaft rotates, the rockers come in contact with the blister pouchand apply the force required to burst the frangible seal. This conceptis illustrated in FIG. 1. Using this concept, a single camshaft actuatorcan perform one more of the following essential tasks: 1) break thefrangible seal of an on-chip reagent filled blister pack to release itscontents; 2) actuate on-chip diaphragm valves to control the fluiddelivery on the microfluidic chip; 3) spatially and temporally releasecontrolled volumes of reagents into a reaction chamber; 4) actuatecooling elements for rapid thermal cycling on the microfluidic chip; 5)actuate permanent magnets to move magnetic beads from one location toanother; and 6) actuate electrical contacts for read-out.

Alternative, non-limiting embodiments include: 1) use of a wind-upspring to power the camshaft; 2) use of a camshaft actuator used toautomate the operation of a syringe plunger to dispense reagents in anautomated sequence; and 3) use of either a horizontal or verticaldesign.

The features described herein can allow for 3D spatial and temporalcontrol of fluid-handling/management, thermal management, electricalmanagement using a single actuation mechanism. The operational sequenceis coded by the arrangement and orientation of the cam lobes.

Other embodiments can include cams without the use of rockers, cam pluspins, gears, clock mechanisms, a wind-up spring, piano hammer action, orany other mechanical variations, which may be capable of automatingsample-to-answer sequence.

In one embodiment, a cam mechanism can also be used to actuatefunctionalized electrodes to move from one sample to another.

Referring now to FIGS. 1A and 1B, side views of an exemplarymicrofluidic device 101, showing before and after actuation of therocker arms 109, respectively, are shown. Microfluidic device 101 has acam 102 with cam shaft 103 and cam lobes 104. A microfluidic cartridge105 having at least one on-chip burst pouch or blister pouch 106 andreaction chamber 107 is also shown. Burst or blister pouch 107 is filledwith fluids, such as reagents, which, upon bursting, dispense the fluidcontained therein. These burst or blister pouches 106 can be batchmanufactured in large volumes, reducing manufacturing costs. Whenspecifically manufactured for microfluidic applications, the fluidscontained range from 15 to 450 μL in volume. Blister pouches 106generally comprise of a frangible membrane seal that is installed at theoutlet port of the pouch. This frangible membrane generally requiresdeliberate pressure to break its seal and release its contents.

As the cam mechanism 102 is rotated through the cam shaft 103, cam lobes104 actuate rocker 109, causing it to place pressure in the burst pouch107, and breaking the frangible membrane.

As can be seen in FIG. 2, multiple cams 202 can be mounted on cam shaft203. Each cam 202 has cam lobes 204, which provide spatial topography toactuate rocker arms at various times and intervals. As cam shaft 203rotates, cam lobes 204 push against rocker arms 209, which in turn pressagainst burst or blister pouch 206, releasing its contents. By arrangingmultiple cams 202 on camshaft 203, spatial and temporal control of thereactions can be controlled. Rocker arm 209 or rocker mechanism actslike a plunger, which pushes down on the blister pouch 206, applyingsufficient pressure to cause its frangible membrane seal to rupture.Multiple burst pouches containing varying reagents can be spatiallyassembled onto the microfluidic cartridges as shown, for example, inFIG. 2.

As the camshaft 203 rotates through one full revolution, the cam lobes204 lift and engage the rockers 209 thereby spatially and temporallycontrolling the release of the stored reagents in the blister pouches206 on the microfluidic cartridge 205. The cam lobes 204 are designedsuch that the rocker remains in the closed position after rupturing thepouch. This can act as a check valve to ensure that there is no backflowof reagents into a ruptured pouch. The cam lobes 204 can also be used toopen and close diaphragm valves along the fluidic channel bringing torealization fluid flow control on that channel

As generally discussed above, in FIG. 2, multiple cam and rockermechanisms are shown. Each cam 202 and rocker 209 mechanism correspondsto a specific blister pouch 206. As each cam and rocker mechanism isactuated at appropriate intervals, various reagents are released fromthe blister pouches through the channels 208 formed on the microfluidiccartridge 205 and into reaction chamber 207 also formed on themicrofluidic cartridge 205.

The rotating camshaft can also be self-powered using a wind-up springmechanism. This enables completely power-free automation on a LOC devicewhere the user can essentially turn a key to get an automated diagnosticresult. Since diagnostic devices in low resource settings need to bebattery operated, this innovation brings point-of-care technology a stepcloser to being completely power-free.

Referring now to FIG. 3, a block diagram showing the concept of anexemplary sample-to-answer system 301 for PCR and DNA hybridization isshown. In this example, a plurality of cams 302 are supported by camshaft 303. Each cam 302 has cam lobes 304, which serve to actuaterockers 309. Microfluidic cartridge 305 is provided with a plurality ofburst pouches 306 (in this example, lysis, wash, and elution buffers)various reaction chambers 307, waste chamber 313, and various channels308 to connect the fluids to its respective chamber 307, 313. Valves 310are also provided between certain chambers 307, 313 and burst pouches306 to prevent fluid from flowing backwards and causing contamination.

In this example, a sample is first introduced into the chamber 307(sample prep), which can contain a vehicle for DNA capture, such assilica beads, FTA paper or magnetic beads, for example. For the samplepreparation step, as camshaft 303 rotates, causing the cam lobe 304 toactuate the corresponding rocker to enter a “closed” position, therebyrupturing and releasing a burst pouch containing lysis buffer (in thisexample) into sample preparation chamber 307. The rotation speed andlobe size of the camshaft can be varied to control the time for eachreaction step. Other rockers sequentially enter a closed position, andburst their respective pouches, for example, releasing wash buffers 306into the sample preparation chamber 307 for the wash steps of DNApurification.

During PCR thermal cycling, a thermal or heat sink 311 can beintermittently actuated by its corresponding rocker to contact theamplification chamber and provide cooling. With PCR thermal cycling, theone of the more time intensive steps is lowering the temperature of thesample. By using the actuated heat sink, which makes contact only duringthe cooling step, the time taken to complete each PCR cycle can bereduced significantly. Accordingly, complete automation of thesample-to-answer sequence can be realized with a single camshaftrotation as shown in this example.

Heat sink 311 can also be provided on the microfluidic cartridge, forexample, during the PCR cycle, to make intermittent contact with areaction chamber 307 in a precise sequence that is designated by the cammechanism and/or rotation speed. A first order heat and mass transfercalculation estimated an approximate 7 times drop in the time taken forcooling the sample from 95 degrees to 65 degrees. This time reductionwas realized with a 1″ by 1″ by 0.5″ aluminum block heat sink in anambient air temperature of 25 degrees. For example, if cooling timewithout a heat sink takes 30 seconds/cycle and there were 25 cycles; thetime saved would be 12.5 minutes for the complete PCR process. Thisprovides notable advantages in thermal management during fluid handing,for example. Heater 312 is also shown in this figure on the microfluidiccartridge 305.

Referring now to FIG. 4, a plan view of an exemplary sample-to-answermicrofluidic device using an integrated revolving port design is shown.As depicted in FIG. 4, the exemplary microfluidic device 401 integratescamshaft 403 as part of the microfluidic cartridge 405. In thisembodiment, camshaft 403 of the cartridge is coupled to the actuatingmechanisms during rotation of camshaft 403. With this system, specificcamshafts can be designed and built for a variety of different assays.Another alternative approach is to build a standard camshaft modulemount and develop a unique camshaft module for different assays.

The exemplary system of FIG. 4 uses precisely cut slots 414 positionedat predetermined angular positions along the shaft 403. When rotated tothe pre-determined angular position, the slots 414 form a flow channel408 between the reagent-filled pouches 406 and the reaction chamber 407.Flow pressure can be developed by pushing down on the reagent-filledpouches 406. The revolving port also makes for a simple valve.

The microfluidic cartridge can also be designed without the PCRamplification chamber. In this case, the cartridge could contain a DNAhybridization chamber for detection of an analyte without amplifying atarget. This design may be especially appealing for sample-to-answerhigh throughput screening through DNA hybridization arrays with apowerful single molecule detector such as a Total Internal ReflectionFlourescence (TIRF) microscope or a Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD)array detector.

In other embodiments, the present invention uses magnetic actuationcombined with mechanical automation to complete a sample-to-answersequence on a microfluidic device. The actuation methods and variousembodiments of apparatuses described herein can be used to dispense areagent into the fluidic device and along a fluid conduit, open/closevalves, cause agitation and mixing inside a fluidic chip, turn ON/OFF anelectrical circuit or create an electrical connection inside a fluidicchamber.

The fluidic device consists of reagent pouches that dispense thereagents needed for biological sample processing on the microfluidicdevice. Pouch reagents include but are not limited to buffers, salts,acids, bases, labels, tags, markers, water, alcohols, solvents, waxes,oils, gases, gels, for example. When sufficient pressure is applied onthe pouch, it will burst, thereby dispensing the contents of the pouchinto fluid conduits that lead to their intended reaction chamber. Thepouches are designed with frangible seals aligned with the inlet of thefluidic conduit so that when the pouch bursts, its contents are forcedto enter the fluid conduit leading to reaction chambers.

Magnets can attract magnetic elements, which could be either anothermagnet, an electromagnet or a ferromagnetic material. The inventionbelow describes a novel method and apparatus to apply the burst pressureto empty the reagent pouches. The apparatus is called the ReagentDispensing Unit (RDU). The RDUs are comprised of reagent pouchescontaining stored reagents, and an integrated magnetic element that canbe either a permanent magnet or a ferromagnetic element. When thismagnetic element is attracted by a magnetic field that is brought intoits proximity, it will move towards this magnetic field and act like aplunger that depresses the reagent pouch and, through one of thenon-limiting embodiments described herein, bursts the pouch, leading tothe expulsion of its contents into the fluidic chip. The plunger'smotion is constrained so it can efficiently empty the blister; this isachieved by designing guides for it to move in.

FIG. 5 depicts a cross-sectional view of the RDU on a microfluidicdevice. In this example, the RDU is bonded to the microfluidic device511 using adhesive 512 such that it forms a hermetic seal with themicrofluidic device. The RDU has an integrated magnetic element plunger503 on top of the reagent pouch 505. The reagent pouch contains storedreagent 514 and is sealed by a frangible sealing layer 506. The magneticelement plunger is held in place by encasing it inside a sheath 502 suchthat its motion is constrained.

In some embodiments, the reagent-filled pouch contains a small bead orsharp object 504 such that under the influence of a magnetic field 509,the bead or sharp object 504 will facilitate the breaking of thefrangible seal. This object is made from a magnetic material which whenattracted to a magnetic field will rupture the frangible seal. Inanother embodiment as seen in FIG. 5B, a sharp object 513 fixed to thefluidic device inlet will rupture the frangible seal of the reagentpouch as it pushes on this element.

In some embodiments, seen in FIG. 5, a trap 510 is present on themicrofluidic device 511 such that a loose magnetic material can bepermanently deployed and held in place under the reagent pouch, to keepthe pouch depressed. Such a system works like a one-time actuated valvethat keeps the reagent pouch depressed thereby preventing any back flowfrom the reaction chamber into the reagent pouch.

In another embodiment seen in FIG. 6, the frangible seal is designed soit ruptures at a certain pressure. The magnetic element plunger isattracted by the magnetic field, providing the necessary burst pressureand deformation that breaks the frangible seal. The magnetic elementplunger situated above the reagent pouch is simultaneously attractedtowards this same magnetic field, and deforms the ruptured pouch,thereby forcing the stored reagent to flow into the reaction chamber 608through the fluid conduit 607.

In applications where a large sample volume needs to undergo mixing,lysing or homogenizing, the fluid can be broken up into separate smallerchambers that are fluidically connected to each other, with each chambercontaining its own trapped permanent magnet. FIG. 7A depicts a rotatingshaft 705 comprising permanent magnets arranged axially and radiallywith alternating poles 706 on the periphery of the rotating shaft, andFIG. 7B depicts a multi-chamber fluidic mixing system where the fluidicchambers 704 are connected to each other using valves 702 such that theycan handle a range of sample volumes. A permanent magnet 703 is presentin each chamber, and its direction of motion is restricted along a pathperpendicular to the axis of the rotating shaft.

In another embodiment seen in FIG. 8, the reagent pouch is designed insuch a way as to allow for the point of rupture to occur at a preciselocation. This is accomplished by designing the reagent pouch so that itcontains a magnetic element 804 that is constrained to a particular area805 of the reagent pouch, and which therefore directly overlays thefrangible portion 806 of the seal 802.

While the method for sample processing described herein can performmultiple processes with a single actuation motion, for the purpose ofdescribing the actuation control on a microfluidic device, a simplifiedexample of a single linear actuating element controlling multiple sampleprocessing steps is described herein where three sample processing stepsnamely: 1) bursting and releasing stored reagents from reagent pouches;2) moving magnetic beads between chambers; and 3) opening and closingfluidic valves.

Other processes that can be integrated into the same actuation controlelement include but are not limited to opening/closing a electricalconnection inside a fluidic chamber, pressing a push button switch foron/off control to an electrical circuit, puncturing a vacutainer,opening/closing a vent hole, actuating heating element or heat sink. Ahuge advantage of such a system is that additional steps can be addedwith minimal increase in system complexity. Referring to FIGS. 9A, 9Band 9C, top views and section AA of an exemplary microfluidic device forsample processing 901 comprising a linear actuation element 903comprising fixed magnetic elements for magnetic bead displacement 904,fixed magnetic elements for fluidic valve actuation 905 and fixedmagnetic elements for reagent pouch bursting 902; and a microfluidiccassette 908 comprising stored reagent pouches with integrated magneticplunger elements 907, reagent chambers 906 for sample processing,magnetic pivoting rocker valve featuring non-magnetic plunger 909 forcontrolling the movement of magnetic beads through a valve, andmagnetically controlled valves comprised of magnetic plungers 910. Theactuation element 903 is in close proximity to the microfluidic cassette908 and slides relative to it. In this exemplary embodiment theactuation element 903 slides under the microfluidic cassette 908,however in other embodiments the microfluidic device 901 is designedsuch that the actuating element 903 slides on top.

Additionally the actuation element can comprise of a top element and abottom element moving together in the same direction or independently indifferent directions such that they their motion results in multipleactuation steps for sample processing, occurring in a predefinedsequence.

The sample processing sequence is depicted at different instances as theactuating element slides under the microfluidic cassette in FIGS. 10A,10B, 10C, 10D, 10E and 10F. Some methods that can be used to cause thesliding motion include motor, wind-up spring, hand crank, manualpushing, linear solenoid actuator. The fixed magnetic elements 1004,1005 and 1002 on the sliding actuating element 1003 are shaped suchthat, the actuation state (on/off, open/close, up/down) on the fluidicelement on the microfluidic cassette is controlled by the shape of thefixed magnetic element on the sliding actuating element. At instance oneFIG. 10A, a fixed magnet on the sliding actuating element overlaps withthe magnetic pivoting rocker valve featuring non-magnetic plunger 1009and closes the valve. As the actuating element keeps sliding, atinstance two in FIG. 10B, a fixed magnetic element depresses the storedreagent pouch causing it to release its contents into the reactionchamber. Simultaneously, the magnetic pivoting rocker valve featuringnon-magnetic plunger 1009 remains closed, thereby trapping the storedreagents in the reaction chamber. As the actuating element continues toslide at instance three in FIG. 10C, a second fixed magnetic elementoverlaps a second stored reagent pouch, thereby causing it to burst andrelease its contents into the same reaction chamber. The magnetic rockervalve featuring non-magnetic plunger 1009 has remained closed. At thefourth instance in FIG. 10D, a magnetic element overlaps the reactionchamber containing the magnetic beads and starts to draw them throughthe fluid conduit and into the second reaction chamber. At the sameinstance, a third reagent pouch is burst, and its contents are releasedinto the second reaction chamber. As the actuating element keeps slidingat instance five in FIG. 10E, the fixed magnetic element is now nolonger overlapping the magnetic rocker valve featuring non magneticplunger 1009 and that valve returns to its “off” state thereby openingthe fluid conduit such that the magnetic beads are able to pass into thesecond reaction chamber. Finally, at instance six, in FIG. 10F, themagnetic beads are transferred to the second reaction chamber, whilefixed magnetic elements overlap and close the valves into and exitingthe second chamber such that the magnetic beads are trapped in thesecond reaction chamber.

This embodiment describes is an example of how multiple sampleprocessing steps can be controlled using a single actuating element. Itis preferred that the system employs permanent magnets such as neodymiummagnets for completing the actuating steps such that the resultingapparatus would utilize minimal power for actuation control. However, itis also possible to use a combination of electromagnets and permanentmagnets to automate the sample processing steps.

For additional control, in some embodiments, multiple actuating elementscan be utilized, that are actuated at different velocities and indifferent directions. Some non-limiting embodiments of linear actuatingelements are shown in FIGS. 11A-11F.

Another embodiment of the actuating element is described in FIGS. 12A,12B, 12C and 12D. This would comprise a combination of fixed andpartially trapped magnetic elements 1212, contained in their own trap1211, such that their motion is restricted to one axis/direction. Thepartially trapped magnetic elements could function to irreversiblyattach and get trapped in the magnetic trap 510 illustrated in FIG. 5A,even as the sliding actuating element continues to move forward. Thisembodiment is useful when there is a desire to permanently close avalve, such as keeping a reagent pouch depressed so as to avoid backflowduring subsequent sample processing steps.

FIG. 12B is a section AA of the actuating element showing the partiallytrapped magnetic element 1212 contained in a blind hole such that itsmotion is restricted to a direction perpendicular to surface of themicrofluidic cassette 1208. FIG. 12D illustrates a particular instanceas the actuating element slides, where the partially trapped magnetshave left the actuating element and permanently attached themselves tothe magnetic trap 110 situated under the reagent pouch. In thisembodiment the reagent pouches are permanently depressed by thepartially trapped magnetic element 1212 even as the sliding actuatingelement continues to move forward.

Another exemplary method to dispense a reagent into a fluidic chambershown in FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B, where the magnetic plunger element 1303is integrated into the reaction chamber 1304 and the reagent pouch 1302is aligned with it. When the magnetic plunger element is attracted by amagnetic field 1305 it breaks the frangible seal of the reagent pouch,enters into the reagent pouch and displaces the reagents 1306 into thereaction chamber.

In another embodiment, seen in FIG. 14, the reaction chamber is locatedfar from the fluidic inlet, and the magnetic plunger element is locatedbetween the inlet and the reagent pouch. The magnetic element has anotch 1403 on it that acts as a guide and restricts the flow of fluid tothe reaction chamber through the guide notch. The guide notch isdesigned such that when the magnetic element plunger reaches its topmost position, the entry into the reaction chamber through the fluidicconduit is shut as seen in FIG. 14C. A ratchet element 1402 is presentinside the fluidic device such that it holds the magnetic elementplunger permanently in a sealed position.

Another embodiment of the sample processing system is an actuatingelement with the partially trapped magnetic element 1502 housed inside arotating shaft 1503 and shown FIG. 15. This rotating shaft is assembledin a sleeve 1504 which have the magnet traps 1505. The sleeve assembleswith the micro fluidic device 1506, which contains the RDU's 1507,mixing chamber 1508 and the mixing chamber magnet 1509. There is a fixedpermanent magnets 1510 arranged so that its opposite poles are alignedwith the periphery of the rotating shaft; this magnet causes the mixingchamber magnet to get attracted and repelled at a high frequency as theshaft rotates.

FIG. 16A depicts an instance when the rotating shaft is assembled intothe sleeve. None of the partially trapped magnets are aligned with theRDUs. The instance depicted in FIG. 16B shows when the rotating shaftthat has rotated through an angle so that the first RDU aligns with thefirst partially trapped magnetic element. At this instance thispartially trapped magnet moves out of the rotating shaft and enters themagnet trap in the sleeve. This also initiates the attraction of themagnetic element on the first RDU, which ruptures the frangible seal onthe pouch and displaces its constituent reagent into the lysing chamber.FIG. 16C depicts the next instance when the shaft has rotated through anangle so the second partially trapped magnet aligns with the second RDU.This causes the RDU to empty its constituents into the mixing chamberalso.

After the stored reagents have been dispensed, the rotating shaftrotates at a high RPM as depicted in FIG. 16D to enable mixing. Thiscauses the fixed permanent magnet in the shaft to present alternatingpoles to the mixing magnet at a high frequency. This high frequencyattraction and repulsion causes mixing in the mixing chamber.

Referring to FIG. 17, another embodiment of the system, whichmechanically ensures that the magnetic plunger element cannot return toits original position after actuation is shown. This embodiment isadvantageous in cases where an element like a reagent pouch or valveneeds to be permanently depressed throughout the sample processingsequence. FIG. 17A depicts the instance where the magnet is in itsinitial position. The sleeve containing the magnets comprises ofat-least one cantilevered ratchet element molded into its wall. Themagnet deflects the ratchet in this position. When the magnet isdisplaced as depicted in FIG. 17B, the ratchet will retract making itimpossible for the magnet to move downwards back to its initialposition. FIG. 17C depicts another embodiment of this mechanism with aspring-loaded ball. The ball works similar to the ratchet, it isdeflected by the side of the magnet while a magnetic force pulls themagnet towards it; however the edge of the magnet will not be able todepress the spring loaded ball after the removal of the magnetic field.

Referring to FIG. 18, a unique embodiment of the sample processingsystem that employs an actuating element comprising a magnet 1802 movingon a track 1803 is shown. The magnet attracts the magnetic beads ontowhich the biomolecules are bound. As the magnet moves along the track itdrags the magnetic beads in the microfluidic chip 1804. The tracks pathis through the reagent chambers R1 to R4 in FIG. 18. A moving themagnetic beads through all the reagent chambers at the appropriate time.Finally, the magnet moves through the end of the trap, which is the balltrap 1805.

FIG. 18B describes a mechanism for the motion of the magnet on a track.The magnetic element is mounted on a carriage 1807, which is free tomove along the sliding rail 1806. The entire sliding rail traverses thelength of the microfluidic device by moving along a linear screw 1808.In another embodiment of this system, the linear screw is replaced by arack and pinion mechanism. As the sliding rail traverses the length ofthe chip, the magnet on the carriage rides the track.

In another embodiment, one or more magnets may be arranged on the trackto perform multiple sample processing steps either sequentially or inparallel. While in this embodiment the magnet is shown to slide on thetrack, it is also possible to fix the magnets on the tracked path of amoving conveyor belt.

The embodiments above describe the sample processing automation usinglinear actuation elements, however rotational elements would confertheir own advantages. FIGS. 19A, 19B, 19C show embodiments of amicrofluidic devices employing rotational actuating elements forautomating the sample processing sequence.

Additionally, some embodiments of the sample-processing device canemploy a combination of one or more rotational and linear actuatingelements depending on the design and sample processing requirements togain control over the x, y, z and r axes.

Embodiments of magnetic plunger element valves for controlling fluidflow in an exemplary microfluidic device are described below. In thisembodiment an exemplary magnetic pivoting rocker valve with non-magneticplunger element is described. FIGS. 20A and 20B show top views of twonon-limiting embodiments of the pivoting rocker valve geometries thatcan be used as a valve in a microfluidic device. In such a valve arocker 2003 with a magnetic element 2005 pivots (or rotates) about itaxis 2006. When an external magnetic field 2004 is brought intoproximity it will attract the magnetic element on the rocker. Thiscauses the plunger 2002 to push down on the diaphragm valve therebystopping the flow of fluid through the channel. FIG. 20C shows theinstance where the rocker is activated by a magnetic field and thenon-magnetic plunger depresses the diaphragm valve to stop the flow.When the magnetic field is removed the rocker returns to its originalposition and flow in the channel can resume.

Referring to FIG. 21, a diaphragm or pinch valve can be depressed on themicrofluidic device using a magnetic plunger element as seen in 2101.FIG. 21A describes the instance where the flow channel is open. Themagnetic plunger element 2102 is seen over the diaphragm 2103. When anexternal magnetic field is brought into proximity of the magneticplunger element, it attracts the plunger towards it thereby depressingthe diaphragm valve and stopping flow in the channel. This is depictedin FIG. 21B.

Application of a permanent magnet fixed to a rotating shaft enablesmixing, homogenizing and/or mechanical disruption of biological samplesincluding but not limited to cells and viruses. In an exemplaryembodiment, permanent magnets are affixed axially and radially on theperiphery of a rotating shaft in such a way as to exhibit alternatingpolarity along the length of the rotating shaft. The fluidic device orcontainer contains a second permanent magnet material trapped inside itsuch that its motion is grossly restricted to one axis. When therotating shaft is placed in proximity to a fluidic device or container,the permanent magnetic material inside the container experiencesalternating attraction and repulsion forces, resulting in reciprocatingand shearing motion inside the fluidic device or container. This effectcan be used to perform mixing, homogenizing and lysing of biologicalsamples including cells and viruses. In this embodiment the fluidiccontainer would contain at-least one permanent magnet inside it, whosemotion is restricted in a direction perpendicular to the axis ofrotation of the shaft. The frequency of the alternating field isdetermined by the rotational speed of the shaft and spatial distributionof the permanent magnet poles in the radial direction.

In another embodiment, the magnet inside the fluidic device/containermight be restricted to reciprocal motion in a different direction, suchas parallel to the axis of the rotating shaft. In addition, it may beadvantageous to forego the above described magnet motion restrictionaltogether. In some embodiments, particles (such as beads made of glass,silica, polymer, metal or a combination thereof) can be placed insidethe container—these particles would assist in mechanically disruptingbiological samples (such as cells and viruses) inside the fluidiccontainer. In one embodiment, the permanent magnet may be directly incontact with the fluids in the fluidic chamber, in another embodimentthe permanent magnet may be in close proximity to the fluidic chambersuch as separated by an impermeable layer in a separate chamber that isclose enough to be capable of causing vibration and vortex forces in thefluidic chamber. The advantages of such a system over usingelectromagnets with alternating/switching polarities include that itrequires only one actuator rotating element (motor shaft) to causelysis, homogenizing and mixing effects in multiple fluidic chambers orcontainers spaced along the length of the rotating shaft.

In another embodiment of the system, squeezing the reagent out of thereagent pouch in the RDU may be ideal. This is particularly advantageousin cases where additional control of the flow rate of reagents isneeded. FIG. 22 is a cross section view of such an embodiment. In thisembodiment the magnetic plunger element 2203 is constrained such that itcan only move in the direction required to squeeze the pouch, break thefrangible seal 2202 and dispense reagents through the fluid conduit andinto the microfluidic device. In some embodiments FIG. 22A the magneticplunger elements may have a flat planar bottom surface. In otherembodiments, the magnetic plunger element may be a cylinder that resultsin a rolling effect. FIG. 22B, 22C, and 22D show the magnetic plungerelement 2203 in the RDU being actuated by a partially trapped cylindermagnet in the actuating element of the microfluidic device, resulting ina squeezing of the reagent pouch such that the frangible seal isruptured, leading to steady reagent flow into the chamber on themicrofluidic device.

Fluid can be moved from one reaction chamber in the microfluidic deviceto another using air filled pouches to push the fluid. In someembodiments when the reaction chambers in the microfluidic are designedsuch that they can be compressed, the embodiment shown in FIG. 22 can beused to move fluids from one reaction chamber to another. While it ispossible to burst air filled pouches to push reagents out of chambers,in the same way that the reagents are filled, in some embodiments, thesqueezing mechanism described in FIG. 22 can be used to do this step. InFIG. 23 here describes the above microfluidic device where the reactionchamber are designed such that they can be squeezed and compressed to aflat and planar state. FIG. 23A shows the top and section AA views ofthe actuating element containing a partially fixed magnetic roller forsqueezing reagents out of the pouches. FIG. 23B shows top and section BBviews of a reaction pouch with partially trapped magnet roller inproximity with the reaction chamber. As the linear actuating elementmoves, FIG. 23C and 23D show the reaction chamber being squeezed by themagnetic rolling elements to dispense its fluid into the next chamber.

Another aspect of the present invention is a fluidic device for samplepreparation for nucleic acid amplification tests. The fluidic devicecomprises two or more fluidic wells that are configured such that theyare connected to each other via a primary fluidic conduit. The fluidicwells can be separately filled with liquid reagents through inletfluidic conduits. In some aspects of the invention, the inlet fluidicconduits are connected to external openings in the fluidic device toenable the fluidic wells to be filled by pipetting or injecting reagentsinto the well through the inlet fluidic conduit.

For point of care settings, self-contained systems are advantageoussince they do not require any complex, user driven pipetting orinjection steps. Accordingly, in other aspects of the invention,reagents may be stored on the fluidic device in reagent pouches. Whensufficient pressure is applied on the pouch it bursts, therebydispensing the contents of the pouch into the fluid conduits that leadto their intended reaction chamber. The pouches are designed withfrangible seals aligned with the inlet fluidic conduits such that whenthe pouch bursts, its contents are forced to enter the inlet fluidconduit and fill the fluidic well. Pouch reagents include but are notlimited to buffers, salts, acids, bases, labels, tags, markers, water,alcohols, solvents, waxes, oils, gases, gels, and the like.

Each fluidic well volume is so designed such that it may be onlypartially filled with miscible liquid reagents so as to not allow themiscible liquids in each fluidic well to overflow and mix with eachother through the primary fluidic conduit connecting each fluidic well.The surfaces of each fluidic well may comprise a hydrophilic and ahydrophobic surface or may be modified to be hydrophilic or hydrophobic(e.g, via hydrophilic or hydrophobic coating). Hydrophilic modificationmay be done to increase wettability and better enable liquid reagents tofill the well evenly while hydrophobic modification may be done todecrease wettability and facilitate the smooth transfer of solidparticles between fluid filled fluidic wells.

Reagent pouches containing immiscible liquids such as mineral oil areconnected to the primary fluidic conduit connecting each well such thatupon actuation: 1) the contents of the reagent pouches containing theimmiscible liquids get released to form immiscible oil phases over theliquids filled in the fluidic wells; and 2) all the miscible liquids inthe fluidic wells are connected in a sequence to form a fluidic circuit,but separated from each other by an oil phase to avoid mixing with eachother. The primary fluidic conduit exits into a reservoir to collectexcess oil. The miscible reagents can be dispensed sequentially or inparallel into their respective wells, depending on the assayrequirements. The immiscible liquid is dispensed after the reagent wellshave been filled such that the empty volume in the primary fluidicconduit and the partially filled wells is completely filled with animmiscible oil phase to create a fluidic circuit.

While it is possible to pre-fill the fluidic wells with buffersseparated by an oil phase, and then seal and store the cartridge forlater use, some reagents (including but not limited to enzymes, oligos,dNTPs and buffers) are not stable in their liquid form at roomtemperature or for long periods of time, and thus need to be stored inlyophilized format and hydrated before use. Additionally, introducingthe sample into such a pre-filled system presents a challenge. Thedisclosed invention provides a method and device to address thechallenges related to sample introduction, reagent delivery, and assayautomation for sample processing on a microfluidic device.

FIG. 24 depicts a block diagram schematic of the fluidic chamberconfiguration. The fluidic wells 2407 are connected to one or more RDUs2402 containing miscible reagents (RDU1, RDU2 and RDU3) through an inletfluidic conduit 2403 entering at the bottom of each fluidic well. Thefluidic well volumes are designed such they are only partially filled bythe miscible liquid reagents 2404 entering through the inlet fluidicconduits. Upon completion of the filling of the fluidic wells, RDU4containing an immiscible liquid is actuated and its contents aredispensed into the fluidic device through the primary fluidic conduit2401. A non-limiting example of an immiscible liquid is oil 2406, whichfills the empty volume in the primary fluidic conduit and fluidic wells,thereby creating a fluidic pathway and at the same time forming abarrier between the miscible liquids in the fluidic wells so as toprevent them from mixing together. The immiscible liquid that is used toclose the fluidic circuit is selected such that it has minimal or noreactivity with the miscible liquid reagents. The excess oil collects ina reservoir 2405. The oil also functions as a vapor barrier to preventevaporation during nucleic acid amplification or other assay steps thatmay require heating.

The fluidic circuit created has advantages for automating samplepreparation steps using magnetic beads for solid phase capture since thebeads can be moved with a magnet through the oil phase into the fluidicwells containing different sample processing reagents. As an example,the wells may be filled with lysis, binding, wash, and elution buffersfor nucleic acid purification, and separated by an oil phase. Themagnetic beads may be moved into the different wells in a predefinedsequence, through the oil phase, so as to complete the samplepreparation steps for nucleic acid purification. This enables easyautomation of sample processing steps on a microfluidic device.

In another embodiment, the fluidic wells and primary fluidic conduit onthe microfluidic cartridge may be pre-filled completely with oil. Duringuse of the microfluidic device, the miscible liquid reagents that arestored in the reagent pouches are dispensed into the desired fluidicwells on the microfluidic cartridge thereby displacing the excess oilwhich is then collected in an excess oil reservoir 105.

Magnetic beads are frequently used in biological sample preparation forextracting, isolating and purifying nucleic acids, proteins,biomolecules and cells in biological samples. The major advantage ofmagnetic bead based solid phase extraction is the ease of automationsince there is no need for centrifugation or vacuum manifolds. Underoptimized conditions, DNA selectively binds to the functionalizedsurface of magnetic beads, while other contaminants stay in solution.The beads can be captured in place using an external magnetic field andthe contaminants can be removed by pipetting out the solution with thecontaminants, and washing the beads in wash buffers. The Purified DNAcan then be eluted in a desired volume and used directly in molecularbiology applications.

The disclosed invention describes a method and device for magnetic beadbased sample preparation comprising a fluidic chip comprising a seriesof fluidic wells with miscible liquid reagents for sample preparation,separated by an immiscible oil phase; and top and bottom actuatorelements with one or more spatially oriented permanent magnets fixed tothem, depending on the number of fluidic wells and resuspension stepsrequired. The permanent magnets on the top and bottom actuators arearranged such that, in a single continuous motion they can: 1) Resuspendthe magnetic beads; and 2: Move the magnetic beads between fluidic wellsin a predefined sequence.

The fluidic wells are so designed such that they have periodicallyspaced top and bottom baffles or obstructions that act as a physicalbarrier to constrain the beads in a fixed position either on the top orbottom of the well and prevent the beads from moving further in thedirection of the permanent magnet on the actuator element. In someembodiments, the walls of the fluidic well may function as a baffle orphysical barrier to constrain the motion of the beads to a predefinedpath. When a magnet on the opposite face of the well comes in proximityto the beads, they are attracted towards the magnet, causing them toresuspend through the liquid reagents or buffers that are present in thefluidic well. The immiscible oil phase works to complete a fluidic pathso the beads can be resuspended and moved through different reagents ina series of wells through an oil filled primary fluidic conduit, so asto complete a sample-to-answer sequence. The invention is advantageoussince it is able to only employ a single continuous motion and permanentmagnets for completing a sample-to-answer sequence, thus reducing thecomplexity and power burden for sample-to-answer automation.

In some embodiments, a servomotor or stepper motor may be used to movethe actuator elements or the microfluidic device. In some embodiments, amechanical wind-up spring mechanism may be used for generating themotion. The mechanical wind-up spring has an added advantage of beingcompletely power-free with no need for electrical energy to automate thesequence. In some embodiments, the actuator elements may be manuallydriven, by the user's finger.

Referring to FIG. 25A, a schematic representation of an exemplarymicrofluidic cartridge for magnetic bead based sample preparation isshown comprising fluidic wells, fluidic conduits, stored liquid reagentreservoirs and valves. The microfluidic cartridge is sandwiched betweentop and bottom actuator elements that comprise permanent magnets andprojections or protrusions. The permanent magnets and protrusions arespatially arranged such that they perform different steps of an assayautomation sequence with precise timing, depending on their position andspeed of the actuator elements as the microfluidic cartridge rotates inclose proximity to the actuator elements. Assay steps that may beperformed include dispensing stored reagents into fluidic wells, openingand closing valves to control the direction of fluid flow, opening andclosing vents, capturing, resuspending, and moving magnetic beadsbetween wells. As seen in FIG. 25B and FIG. 25C, the oil filled fluidicconduits 2505 through which the magnetic beads are able to sequentiallyenter multiple reagent filled fluidic wells 2506 on the microfluidicdevice, are alternately offset such that the walls of the wells act asphysical barriers to constrain the beads to a desired well. Thepermanent magnets on the rotational actuator elements are also offset soas to capture and resuspend the beads in the multiple reagent filledfluidic wells along the rotational path.

As an example, an isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT) suchas Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) may be performed on themicrofluidic device using an integrated heater. The fluidic wells may befilled with buffers for binding, washing and elution. ChargeS witchmagnetic beads may be used for nucleic acid extraction and purification.Lyophilized reagents for LAMP may be stored on the microfluidiccartridge in a fluidic well that is designated for amplification.Magnetic beads may be stored on the microfluidic cartridge in the welldesignated for binding.

As the microfluidic cartridge rotates between the top and bottomactuator elements, the sequence of operation for performing a NAAT maybe as follows: 1) Lysate is introduced into the first “bind” well byopening a valve; 2) Binding, Wash 1, Wash 2, and Elution buffers aredispensed into the first, second, third and fourth well respectively onthe microfluidic cartridge; 3) Mineral oil is filled such that itoverlays the reagents in the wells and forms a continuous fluidiccircuit through which the magnetic beads can travel between wells; 4)The magnetic beads are sequentially captured, resuspended and moved intothe four wells through the top oil conduit; 5) By opening a valve, theeluted DNA from the elution well may be metered into a fifth LAMPamplification well containing lyophilized master mix, thereby hydratingthe reagents; and 6) A heater on one of the actuator elements comes incontact with the LAMP amplification chamber to heat it to the desiredtemperature for the desired amount of time.

FIG. 25B and FIG. 25C describes in more detail the principle of magneticbead capture, resuspension and travel between fluidic wells toaccomplish sample preparation in the disclosed invention. The topactuator element 2502 has spatially oriented permanent magnets 2507labeled 1, 3 and 5 and the bottom actuator element 2504 has spatiallyoriented permanent magnets labeled 2, 4 and 6. In this embodiment themicrofluidic cartridge 2503 rotates anticlockwise between the stationarytop actuator element 2502 and bottom actuator element 2504. Themicrofluidic cartridge rotates to a position where the “bind” well comesunder the top permanent magnet “1”, causing the magnetic beads to beattracted to it and captured at the top of the “bind” well. Themicrofluidic cartridge continues to rotate and moves the beads into thenext well labeled “wash” through the connecting oil filled fluidicconduit. The side wall of the “wash” well functions as a physicalbarrier along the path of the magnetic beads, that constrains the beadsin the oil at the top of the wash well, as the permanent magnet “1”moves away such that its forces are no longer felt by the beads. As themicrofluidic cartridge continues to rotate it comes to a position wherethe first“wash” well is is on top of the permanent magnet labeled “2” onthe bottom actuator element. This causes the beads on the top of thefirst wash well to be attracted towards the permanent magnet “2” and getresuspended and captured in the wash buffer present at the bottom of the“wash” well. In a similar fashion the magnetic beads are resuspended,captured and moved by the magnets 3, 4, 5, and 6 until they reach the“elution” well where the nucleic acids on the beads are eluted into thebuffer solution present in the bottom of the “elution” well.

Referring to FIG. 26A to FIG. 261, different instances of the positionof the microfluidic cartridge with respect to the actuator element, toillustrate the principle of magnetic bead capture, resuspension andtravel between fluidic wells using linear actuation is shown. Theactuator element comprises top and bottom permanent magnets. FIG. 26Ashows the starting position where none of the wells within range of themagnetic field. At FIG. 26B, the first top permanent magnet comes inproximity with the first well, thereby capturing the magnetic beads inthe oil present in the primary fluidic conduit. The captured magneticbeads are moved to the second well through the primary fluidic conduitas seen in FIG. 26C.

Here, the wall of the second fluidic well obstructs their path and theyremain constrained in the second fluidic well. FIG. 26D shows a positionwhere the first bottom permanent magnet comes in proximity to the secondfluidic well, thereby attracting the beads to the bottom of the fluidicwell where it is re-suspended in the buffer reagent present in thefluidic well. FIG. 26E shows the position where the second top permanentmagnet comes in proximity with the second well and drags the beadsthrough the primary fluidic conduit into the third fluidic well. FIG.26F shows the beads constrained to the third fluidic well as itsside-wall acts as a baffle. In FIG. 26G, the second bottom permanentmagnet comes in proximity to the third well and attracts the beads tothe bottom of the well thereby resuspending them in the buffer presentat the bottom. In FIG. 26H the beads are attracted to the top by thethird top permanent magnet and are transferred to the fourth fluidicwell through the primary fluidic conduit. In FIG. 261 the third bottompermanent magnet attracts the beads to the bottom of the fourth fluidicwell thereby resuspending the beads in the buffer present in the fourthfluidic well.

The permanent magnets may be replaced with electromagnets as shown inFIG. 27. The microfluidic cartridge moves between the actuator elementscomprising electromagnets. The top or the bottom electromagnet may beturned on or off in a sequence to facilitate the moving and resuspendingof the magnetic beads between the different fluidic wells 2703. FIG. 27represents different instances of the magnetic bead travel through asample processing sequence. At the instance shown in FIG. 27A,electromagnet EM1 2701 is turned ON to capture the beads in the oilphase 2702. The beads are moved through the oil phase as EM1 is kept ONas seen in instance shown in FIG. 27B. At the instance in FIG. 27C, EM1is turned OFF and EM2 2704 is turned ON. This results in the beadsgetting attracted towards EM2, resulting in the resuspension of thebeads into the reagent 2703 in its fluidic well. When the beads areready to be moved to the next fluidic well, EM1 is turned back ON, thusattracting the beads towards it into the oil phase. At the instanceshown in FIG. 27D, the beads are moved over the next reagent filledfluidic well. EM1 is then turned OFF and EM2 is turned ON, causing thebeads to resuspend through the reagent filled in the fluidic well beforegetting captured by EM2 as shown in FIG. 27E. Finally in FIGS. 27F and27G the beads are moved and resuspended through the last fluidic well byselectively turning ON and OFF EM1 or EM2 in the desired timingsequence. The top and bottom electromagnets may be pulsed alternatively,so as to achieve mixing and resuspension of the beads in a reactionwell. While electromagnets can be used instead of permanent magnets andbaffles, they require electric power supply and a electronic controllerfor switching ON and OFF, thus complicating the instrumentationrequirements. As such it is not as appealing as using permanent magnets,particularly in point of care and low resource settings.

The invention disclosed describes a method and device for fluidichandling on a microfluidic cartridge. The microfluidic device comprisesone or more stored reagent filled pouches with frangible seals, andactuator elements comprising one or more protrusions that are spatiallyoriented so as to dispense reagents into the wells of a fluidiccartridge in a predefined sequence as the cartridge slide in between theactuator elements.

Referring to FIG. 28, a perspective view of a microfluidic cartridge andactuator element for sequential reagent delivery for sample preparationusing magnetic beads. The microfluidic cartridge has on-board storedreagents in reagent pouches 2803 sealed with a frangible seal, such thatwhen force is applied, the seal breaks and releases the reagents into awell on the microfluidic cartridge through a fluidic conduit. Thereagent pouches are spatially oriented such that when the microfluidiccartridge mates with the actuator element and slides in between it fromone end to the other, the pouches are squeezed to deliver reagentssequentially. The fluidic wells have one or more top baffles 2804 andbottom baffles 2802 that serve to constrain the beads in a well. Theactuator element has one or more mechanical elements (e.g., protrusions,plungers, or the like) on it 2806, so arranged such that it functions tosqueeze the reagent pouches and dispense their reagents into the wellson the microfluidic cartridge. The mechanical elements are designed suchthat they keep the reagent pouches squeezed for the entiresample-to-answer sequence to prevent backflow. In some embodiments themechanical elements may serve to open and close a pinch style valve onthe microfluidic cartridge, in a predefined sequence so as to controlthe direction of fluid flow on the microfluidic cartridge or open orclose a vent. The actuator element also may have one or more fixedmagnets on it. As seen in FIG. 28, the actuator element has top magnets2805 and bottom magnets 2807 that are spatially arranged such that theycapture, resuspend and move the magnetic beads into the differentfluidic wells to complete a sample preparation sequence.

In some embodiments, the beads may be transferred directly into the LAMPor other NAAT amplification system and eluted directly in the system.This enables all the captured nucleic acids to be inputted into the NAATamplification system. FIG. 29 describes the principle of usingprotrusions as baffles in the fluidic well to constrain the beads to awell as the magnet continues to move along a path of motion. The fluidicwell has a protrusion on the top 2902 that acts to constrain the beadsas the magnet continues to move along its path of motion. The reagents2908 are separated by an immiscible oil phase 2904 in the crosssectional schematic microfluidic device shown in FIG. 29. A top fixedmagnet 2905 and bottom fixed magnet 2907 are present on the top andbottom actuator elements of the microfluidic device respectively. Whenthe top fixed magnet 2905 comes in proximity to the first fluidic wellas seen in FIG. 29A, the magnetic beads present in it are attractedtowards the magnet and captured on the top in the oil phase. As themicrofluidic cartridge continues to move between the actuator elements,the beads are moved through the fluidic conduit and enter the secondfluidic well as seen in FIG. 29B. Here, the protrusion 2902 acts toconstrain the beads to the second well as the microfluidic devicecontinues to move out of the magnetic field of the top magnet as seen inFIG. 29C. The magnetic beads constrained in the oil phase can then bemoved through the miscible reagents at the bottom of the well when abottom magnet comes in proximity with the fluidic well as seen in FIG.29D. Here, the magnetic beads that were captured on the top areattracted towards the bottom magnet 2907 and thus are made to resuspendand move through the reagents present at the bottom of the fluidic well.In FIG. 29E, the magnetic beads are captured at the bottom of the wellas the side-wall acts as a baffle, to prevent the beads from moving outof the well. This method can be used to move magnetic beads betweenchambers or wells on a microfluidic device for sample processing, usingspatially oriented baffles and permanent magnets.

In one embodiment a lancet with a hollow channel or a needle may beactuated by the actuating element to pierce the wall of theamplification chamber and transfer the fluid to a lateral flow strip fordetection. FIG. 30 describes the principle of moving liquid productcontaining the analyte to be detected, from the fluidic well 3002 to alateral flow strip 3003. FIG. 30A shows the lancet 3005 with a hollowchannel 3004 before actuation. FIG. 30B shows the hollow lancet afteractuation, where it pierces through the lateral flow strip and thebottom of the fluidic well thus creating a conduit for fluid flow to thelateral flow strip.

Depending on the application and user requirements, the sampleprocessing system may integrate motors, actuators, heating elements,thermocouples, fans, cooling units, microcontrollers, optical detectors,electrodes, filters, light sources, battery packs, wireless modules, andelectronics such that it forms a single, self-contained, self-sufficientintegrated system for performing biological sample processing. Thevolume of reagent pouches, reservoirs and reaction chambers may varydepending on the bioassay and the needs of the user. Typical volumes canrange from 1 ul to 10 ml or from 5 ul to 1 ml. There are many suitablematerials for the microfluidic device such as glass, polycarbonate,PMMA, COC, silicon or a combination of one or more of the materials. Amicrofluidic device may be polymer injection molded with integratedsilicon or glass MEMS functionalized electrode array or a microarray, ora lateral flow strip for detection. The material may be chosen based onthe requirements of the user and the assay being performed on it, basedon its biocompatibility, chemical compatibility. The footprint of themicrofluidic device may range from a few square millimeters to few tensof square centimeters depending on the user requirements and the sampleprocessing application. In some embodiments, multiple microfluidicdevices may be stacked or arrayed and processed in parallel. The pullforces, shapes and sizes of the magnets in the sample processing systemwill be chosen depending on the sample processing needs, shape, size,volume, material properties and rupture pressure of frangible seal. Thefrangible seal materials include aluminum foils, polymers, rubber,metals, adhesive tapes, metal oxides or a combination of materials.

General Definitions

Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a genericand descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Unlessotherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein havethe same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in theart to which this presently described subject matter belongs.

“Nucleic acid” as used herein means a polymeric compound comprisingcovalently linked subunits called nucleotides. A “nucleotide” is amolecule, or individual unit in a larger nucleic acid molecule,comprising a nucleoside (i.e., a compound comprising a purine orpyrimidine base linked to a sugar, usually ribose or deoxyribose) linkedto a phosphate group.

“Polynucleotide” or “oligonucleotide” or “nucleic acid molecule” areused interchangeably herein to mean the phosphate ester polymeric formof ribonucleosides (adenosine, guanosine, uridine or cytidine; “RNAmolecules” or simply “RNA”) or deoxyribonucleosides (deoxyadenosine,deoxyguanosine, deoxythymidine, or deoxycytidine; “DNA molecules” orsimply “DNA”), or any phosphoester analogs thereof, such asphosphorothioates and thioesters, in either single-stranded ordouble-stranded form. Polynucleotides comprising RNA, DNA, or RNA/DNAhybrid sequences of any length are possible. Polynucleotides for use inthe present invention may be naturally-occurring, synthetic,recombinant, generated ex vivo, or a combination thereof, and may alsobe purified utilizing any purification methods known in the art.Accordingly, the term “DNA” includes but is not limited to genomic DNA,plasmid DNA, synthetic DNA, semisynthetic DNA, complementary DNA(“cDNA”; DNA synthesized from a messenger RNA template), and recombinantDNA (DNA that has been artificially designed and therefore has undergonea molecular biological manipulation from its natural nucleotidesequence).

“Amplify,” “amplification,” “nucleic acid amplification,” or the like,refers to the production of multiple copies of a nucleic acid template(e.g., a template DNA molecule), or the production of multiple nucleicacid sequence copies that are complementary to the nucleic acid template(e.g., a template DNA molecule).

The terms “top,” “bottom,” “over,” “under,” and “on” are used throughoutthe description with reference to the relative positions of componentsof the described devices, such as relative positions of top and bottomsubstrates within a device. It will be appreciated that the devices arefunctional regardless of their orientation in space.

“Bead,” with respect to beads on a droplet actuator, means any bead orparticle that is capable of interacting with a droplet on or inproximity with a droplet actuator. Beads may be any of a wide variety ofshapes, such as spherical, generally spherical, egg shaped, disc shaped,cubical, amorphous and other three dimensional shapes. The bead may, forexample, be capable of being subjected to a droplet operation in adroplet on a droplet actuator or otherwise configured with respect to adroplet actuator in a manner which permits a droplet on the dropletactuator to be brought into contact with the bead on the dropletactuator and/or off the droplet actuator. Beads may be provided in adroplet, in a droplet operations gap, or on a droplet operationssurface. Beads may be provided in a reservoir that is external to adroplet operations gap or situated apart from a droplet operationssurface, and the reservoir may be associated with a flow path thatpermits a droplet including the beads to be brought into a dropletoperations gap or into contact with a droplet operations surface. Beadsmay be manufactured using a wide variety of materials, including forexample, resins, and polymers. The beads may be any suitable size,including for example, microbeads, microparticles, nanobeads andnanoparticles. In some cases, beads are magnetically responsive; inother cases beads are not significantly magnetically responsive. Formagnetically responsive beads, the magnetically responsive material mayconstitute substantially all of a bead, a portion of a bead, or only onecomponent of a bead. The remainder of the bead may include, among otherthings, polymeric material, coatings, and moieties which permitattachment of an assay reagent. Examples of suitable beads include flowcytometry microbeads, polystyrene microparticles and nanoparticles,functionalized polystyrene microparticles and nanoparticles, coatedpolystyrene microparticles and nanoparticles, silica microbeads,fluorescent microspheres and nanospheres, functionalized fluorescentmicrospheres and nanospheres, coated fluorescent microspheres andnanospheres, color dyed microparticles and nanoparticles, magneticmicroparticles and nanoparticles, superparamagnetic microparticles andnanoparticles (e.g., DYNABEADS® particles, available from InvitrogenGroup, Carlsbad, Calif.), fluorescent microparticles and nanoparticles,coated magnetic microparticles and nanoparticles, ferromagneticmicroparticles and nanoparticles, coated ferromagnetic microparticlesand nanoparticles. Beads may be pre-coupled with a biomolecule or othersubstance that is able to bind to and form a complex with a biomolecule.Beads may be pre-coupled with an antibody, protein or antigen, DNA/RNAprobe or any other molecule with an affinity for a desired target.

“Immobilize” with respect to magnetically responsive beads, means thatthe beads are substantially restrained in position in a droplet or infiller fluid on a droplet actuator. For example, in one embodiment,immobilized beads are sufficiently restrained in position in a dropletto permit execution of a droplet splitting operation, yielding onedroplet with substantially all of the beads and one dropletsubstantially lacking in the beads.

“Magnetically responsive” means responsive to a magnetic field.“Magnetically responsive beads” include or are composed of magneticallyresponsive materials. Examples of magnetically responsive materialsinclude paramagnetic materials, ferromagnetic materials, ferrimagneticmaterials, and metamagnetic materials. Examples of suitable paramagneticmaterials include iron, nickel, and cobalt, as well as metal oxides,such as Fe304, BaFe12019, CoO, NiO, Mn203, Cr203, and CoMnP.

When a liquid in any form (e.g., a droplet or a continuous body, whethermoving or stationary) is described as being “on”, “at”, or “over” anelectrode, array, matrix or surface, such liquid could be either indirect contact with the electrode/array/matrix/surface, or could be incontact with one or more layers or films that are interposed between theliquid and the electrode/array/matrix/surface. In one example, fillerfluid can be considered as a film between such liquid and theelectrode/array/matrix/surface.

Following long-standing patent law convention, the terms “a,” “an,” and“the” refer to “one or more” when used in this application, includingthe claims. Thus, for example, reference to “a subject” includes aplurality of subjects, unless the context clearly is to the contrary(e.g., a plurality of subjects), and so forth.

Throughout this specification and the claims, the terms “comprise,”“comprises,” and “comprising” are used in a non-exclusive sense, exceptwhere the context requires otherwise. Likewise, the term “include” andits grammatical variants are intended to be non-limiting, such thatrecitation of items in a list is not to the exclusion of other likeitems that can be substituted or added to the listed items.

For the purposes of this specification and appended claims, unlessotherwise indicated, all numbers expressing amounts, sizes, dimensions,proportions, shapes, formulations, parameters, percentages, parameters,quantities, characteristics, and other numerical values used in thespecification and claims, are to be understood as being modified in allinstances by the term “about” even though the term “about” may notexpressly appear with the value, amount or range. Accordingly, unlessindicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in thefollowing specification and attached claims are not and need not beexact, but may be approximate and/or larger or smaller as desired,reflecting tolerances, conversion factors, rounding off, measurementerror and the like, and other factors known to those of skill in the artdepending on the desired properties sought to be obtained by thepresently disclosed subject matter. For example, the term “about,” whenreferring to a value can be meant to encompass variations of, in someembodiments, ±100% in some embodiments ±50%, in some embodiments ±20%,in some embodiments ±10%, in some embodiments ±5%, in some embodiments±1%, in some embodiments ±0.5%, and in some embodiments ±0.1% from thespecified amount, as such variations are appropriate to perform thedisclosed methods or employ the disclosed compositions.

Further, the term “about” when used in connection with one or morenumbers or numerical ranges, should be understood to refer to all suchnumbers, including all numbers in a range and modifies that range byextending the boundaries above and below the numerical values set forth.The recitation of numerical ranges by endpoints includes all numbers,e.g., whole integers, including fractions thereof, subsumed within thatrange (for example, the recitation of 1 to 5 includes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5,as well as fractions thereof, e.g., 1.5, 2.25, 3.75, 4.1, and the like)and any range within that range.

All publications, patent applications, patents, and other referencesmentioned in the specification are indicative of the level of thoseskilled in the art to which the presently disclosed subject matterpertains. All publications, patent applications, patents, and otherreferences are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as ifeach individual publication, patent application, patent, and otherreference was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporatedby reference. It will be understood that, although a number of patentapplications, patents, and other references are referred to herein, suchreference does not constitute an admission that any of these documentsforms part of the common general knowledge in the art.

Although the foregoing subject matter has been described in some detailby way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity ofunderstanding, it will be understood by those skilled in the art thatcertain changes and modifications can be practiced within the scope ofthe appended claims.

1. A microfluidic device comprising: one or more cams comprising a camshaft and a cam lobe; one or more rocker arms; a microfluidic cartridgecomprising one or more fluidic channels, one or more reaction chambers,and one or more burst pouches comprising fluid and a frangible membraneseal; and a cam mechanism configured to rotate the cam shaft; whereinthe one or more cams are configured such that rotation of the cam shaftcauses the cam lobes to actuate the one or more rocker arms, and whereinthe one or more rocker arms are configured such that actuation causesthe rocker arms to move from an open position to a closed position inwhich pressure is placed on the one or more burst pouches such that thefrangible membrane is broken and the fluid is released into the one ormore reaction chambers.
 2. The microfluidic device of claim 1, wherein aplurality cam lobes and rocker arms are configured such that one fullrotation of the cam shaft causes the rocker arms to place pressure on aplurality burst pouches in a temporally and spatially controlled manner.3. The microfluidic device of claim 1, wherein the one or more cam lobesand the one or more rocker arms are configured such that after thefrangible membrane seal of the one or more burst pouches has beenbroken, the rocker arms remain in the closed position.
 4. Themicrofluidic device of claim 1, wherein the cam lobes are configuredsuch that the rocker remains in the closed position after rupturing thepouch.
 5. The microfluidic device of claim 1, further comprising one ormore diaphragm valves along the one or more fluidic channels, whereinthe one or more cam lobes are configured such that rotation of the camshaft causes the cam lobes to open and/or close the one or morediaphragm valves.
 6. The microfluidic device of claim 1, wherein thecamshaft is configured to rotate via a wind-up spring mechanism.
 7. Themicrofluidic device of claim 1, further comprising a sample prepchamber, wherein the sample prep chamber comprises a vehicle for DNAcapture.
 8. The microfluidic device of claim 7, further wherein therotation speed of the cam shaft and the configuration of the pluralityof cam lobes and the plurality of rocker arms enables bursting of theplurality of burst pouches in a temporally controlled manner to carryout wash steps of DNA purification.
 9. The microfluidic device of claim8, wherein the microfluidic cartridge further comprises an amplificationchamber, a heat sink, and a heater, wherein the heat sink and the heaterare configured to intermittently cool and heat the amplification chamberupon actuation of the plurality of cam lobes and the plurality of rockerarms.
 10. The microfluidic device of claim 9, further wherein therotation speed of the cam shaft and the configuration of the pluralityof cam lobes and the plurality of rocker arms enables the heat sink andthe heater to intermittently cool and heat the amplification chamber ina temporally controlled manner to carry out PCR thermal cycling.
 11. Themicrofluidic device of claim 8, wherein the microfluidic cartridgefurther comprises a DNA hybridization chamber comprising a vehicle forDNA capture.
 12. A microfluidic device comprising a microfluidiccartridge comprising: a plurality of reagent filled pouches; a reactionchamber; and a cam shaft; wherein the cam shaft comprises a plurality ofslots at angular positions along the cam shaft such that rotation of thecam shaft to a predetermined position causes one or more of the angularslots to form a flow channel between one or more of the reagent filledpouches and the reaction chamber.
 13. A reagent dispensing unitcomprising: a reagent pouch comprising a reagent and a frangible seal;and an integrated magnetic element configured to depress the reagentpouch when attracted by a magnetic field such that the frangible seal isbroken.
 14. The reagent dispensing unit of claim 13, wherein themagnetic element comprises a plunger.
 15. The reagent dispensing unit ofclaim 13, wherein the magnetic element comprises a bead.
 16. The reagentdispensing unit of claim 13, wherein the magnetic element comprises asharp object.
 17. A microfluidic device comprising: a fluid conduit; areaction chamber; and the reagent dispensing unit of claim 13; whereinthe reagent dispensing unit is bonded to the microfluidic device suchthat a hermetic seal is formed, and wherein the reagent dispensing unitis configured to empty the reagent into the reaction chamber via thefluid conduit when the frangible seal is broken.
 18. The microfluidicdevice of claim 17, further comprising a trap, wherein the trapcomprises loose magnetic material and is configured to hold the reagentpouch in a depressed position.
 19. A microfluidic device comprising: aplurality of fluidic chambers fluidically connected to one another viavalves; and a rotating shaft comprising permanent magnets arrangedaxially and radially with alternating poles on the periphery of therotating shaft; wherein each of the fluidic chambers comprises a trappedpermanent magnet with a direction of motion restricted along a pathperpendicular to the axis of the rotating shaft, and wherein therotating shaft and fluidic chambers are configured such that rotation ofthe rotating shaft moves the permanent magnets for mixing of fluidwithin each of the fluidic chambers.
 20. A reagent pouch comprising apoint of rupture at a precise location in a frangible portion of a seal,wherein the reagent pouch comprises a magnetic element that isconstrained to a particular area of the reagent pouch that directlyoverlays the frangible portion of the seal.
 21. A microfluidic devicecomprising: one or more linear actuation elements; and a microfluidiccassette; wherein the one or more linear actuation elements comprisefixed magnetic elements for magnetic bead displacement, fluidic valveactuation, and/or reagent pouch bursting; and wherein the microfluidiccassette comprises stored reagent pouches with integrated magneticplunger elements, reagent chambers for sample processing, a magneticpivoting rocker valve featuring a non-magnetic plunger for controllingthe movement of magnetic beads through a valve, and magneticallycontrolled valves comprising magnetic plungers comprising fixed magneticelements for magnetic bead displacement.
 22. The microfluidic device ofclaim 21, wherein the one or more actuation elements are configured toslide under and/or on top of the microfluidic device.
 23. Themicrofluidic device of claim 21, wherein the actuation element is movedvia a method selected from the group consisting of a motor, a wind-upspring, a hand crank, manual pushing, and a linear solenoid actuator.24. A microfluidic device comprising: one or more linear actuationelements; and a microfluidic cassette; wherein the one or more linearactuation elements comprise a combination of fixed and partially trappedmagnetic elements contained in their own trap such that their motion isrestricted to one axis or direction for magnetic bead displacement,fluidic valve actuation, and/or reagent pouch bursting; and wherein themicrofluidic cassette comprises stored reagent pouches with integratedmagnetic plunger elements, reagent chambers for sample processing, amagnetic pivoting rocker valve featuring a non-magnetic plunger forcontrolling the movement of magnetic beads through a valve, andmagnetically controlled valves comprising magnetic plungers comprisingfixed magnetic elements for magnetic bead displacement.
 25. Themicrofluidic device of claim 24, wherein the one or more actuationelements are configured to slide under and/or on top of the microfluidicdevice.
 26. The microfluidic device of claim 1, wherein the actuationelement is moved via a method selected from the group consisting of amotor, a wind-up spring, a hand crank, manual pushing, and a linearsolenoid actuator.
 27. A microfluidic device comprising a reagent pouchaligned with a magnetic plunger element integrated into a reactionchamber, wherein the magnetic plunger element is configured such thatwhen it is attracted by a magnetic field it breaks a frangible seal ofthe reagent pouch, enters into the reagent pouch, and displaces reagentsin the reagent pouch into the reaction chamber.
 28. The microfluidicdevice of claim 27, wherein the magnetic plunger element is locatedbetween a fluid inlet and the reagent pouch, further wherein themagnetic element has a notch that acts as a guide and restricts the flowof fluid to the reaction chamber through the guide notch, and whereinthe guide notch is configured such that when the magnetic elementplunger reaches its top most position, the flow of fluid into thereaction chamber is shut.
 29. A microfluidic device comprising: anactuating element with a plurality of partially trapped magnetic elementhoused inside a rotating shaft, wherein the rotating shaft is configuredin a sleeve with a plurality of magnet traps; a plurality of the reagentdispensing units of claim 13; a mixing chamber; and a mixing chambermagnet.
 30. The microfluidic device of claim 29, further comprisingfixed permanent magnets configured such that their opposite poles arealigned with the periphery of the rotating shaft, thereby causing amixing chamber magnet to be attracted and repelled at a high frequencyas the shaft rotates.
 31. The microfluidic device of claim 29,configured such that as the rotating shaft rotates, a first reagentdispensing unit becomes aligned with a first partially trapped magneticelement whereby the first partially trapped magnet moves out of therotating shaft and enters a first magnet trap in the sleeve, therebyenabling attraction of the magnetic element and breaking of thefrangible seal on the pouch of the first reagent dispensing unit. 32.The microfluidic device of claim 31, configured such that as therotating shaft continues to rotate, a second reagent dispensing unitbecomes aligned with a second partially trapped magnetic element wherebythe second partially trapped magnet moves out of the rotating shaft andenters a second magnet trap in the sleeve, thereby enabling attractionof the magnetic element and breaking of the frangible seal on the pouchof the second reagent dispensing unit.
 33. The microfluidic device ofclaim 32, configured such that after stored reagents have beendispensed, the rotating shaft can rotate at a high RPM to enable mixingby causing the fixed permanent magnet in the shaft to presentalternating poles to the mixing magnet at a high frequency.